Machinery for testing the strength of metal



(No ModeL). 4 Sheets-Sheet 1.

A. H. EMERY.

MACHINERY FOR TESTING THE STRENGTH 0F METAL.

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(No Model.) l 4 sheetssheen 2. A. E. EMEEY.

MACHINERY EOE TESTING TEE STRENGTH OEMETAL. No. 278,914. Patented June 5,1888.

FIGJ45 INVENTOR,

a t e e h S e e h S vd* v.n Dn... E M E H A. uw d o M o m MACHINERY EUR TESTING THE STRENGTH 0E METAL.

Patented June 5, 1883.

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(No Model.) 4 Sheets-Sheet 4.

A. H. EMERY. MACHINERY POB. TESTING TEE STRENGTH 0F METAL.

,914. Patented June 5,1883.

WITNESSES {NVENTOR N. PETERS. Phvmmnugnpher, wzshmgmn. 0.o

UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE.

ALBERT H. EMERY, OF NEV YORK, N. Y., ASSIGNOR TO THE EMERY SCALE COMPANY, OF STABIFORD, CONNECTTICUT. i'

MACHINERY FOR TESTING THE STRENGTHV OF METAL.

SPECIFICATION forming part of Letters Patent No. 278,914, dated June 5, 1883,

Application tiled February 5, 1881. (No model.)

To (all who/11, Y/ nmjl/ concern/s Be it known that l, ALBERT H. EMERY, ol' the city, county, and State of New York, have invented certain new and useful Improvements in Machinery for Testing the Strength of Metals and other Materials, of which the follow-'ing is a specification.

The machine in its simple form is adapted l'or producing and indicating strains of either tension, compression, transverse loads, or torsion on mctalliclmrs, rods, plates, and other structures. The specimen is held at its respective ends by hydraulic pressure in a holding-beam and a straining-beam. The latteris moved in either direction either for adjust-- ment or for producing a strain of tension or compression at will, and is provided or combined with a double-acting hydraulic press, which is employed either for producing the strains or, in connection with a gage o'r gages,`

l'or measuring the strains which may be produced by the movement of the straining-beam. The motion ot' the beam, either for straining or for adjustment, is effected by screws and nuts rotated by suitable gearing at variable speeds. For producing` strains ot' torsion the apparatus is construct ed with a torsional straining-bar adjusted longitudinally to suit different lengths of specimens, and working in ahead, by which its rotation is imparted by means of a crank-arm, or a wheel and a chain, or` band connected with the piston ofthe press or with the straining-beam, as the case maybe. A secondary hydraulic press is employed in connection with the straining-arm for the purposes' of a bra-ke to regulate the motion or to restore the arm to its normal position, or in some cases for producing light strains. The torsion-bar is adjusted longitudinally by screws operated by nuts and sustained against ilexure bya bar which is operated simultaneously by secondary screws, so as to keep it at all times midway between the torsion head and the straining-arm. A hydraulic press is employed in the head to hold the specimen, in connection with three dies,which grip it radially on all sides. The torsional strain is transmitted through a stationary holder, n xing the specimen in the axis of the-machine, constructed with hydraulic gripping-jaws and with arms Secured against lateral motion by flexible fixing-plates, and imparting their pressure tan.- gentially through liexible plates to supports connected through liquid-pressure chambers with suitable weighing apparatus to indicate the amount ot' the strain. By the use of two arms radial to the specimen-holder and pro- `iecting in opposite directions therefrom, unbalanced lateral strains are avoided. rlhe supports and liquid-pressure chambers on which 6o these arms bearcommunicate throughV pipes with a weighing apparatus common to both. The recoil movement of the holders is arrested by adjustable stops. To show the degree of torsion, indicators are attached at different points to the specimen, each indicator consisting of an arm fixed removably to airing-,which is clasped over the specimen and is centered thereon by radial set-screws suitably graduated. The degree ot' torsion is-read on graduated arcs or circular dials fixed adjustably on one or more supporting-rails andset at theproper distance asunder.

ln the accompanying drawings the invention is represented in twenty-one views, numbered 137 to 156, inclusive. Figure 187 is a plan ot' a machine illustrating the invention as applied to tension'and compression. Figs. 13S and 139 are end `views of the same. Fig. 1392i is a section on the line 1393', Fig. 13T. Fig. 14() is an elevation of the torsion end of the machine. Fig. 141 is an elevation ofthe straining-presses and straining-arm, with some parts omitted and others shown in section on the line 141 142, Fig. 146. Fig. 142 is a transverse section of the parts omitted in Fig. 141, the line 141 142, Fig. 146, indicating the plane ot' section. Fig. 143 is a front eleva-tion, on a larger scale, of the indicator and its attaching ring, showing a specimen in transverse section. Figs.` 144 and 145 are elevations on a still larger scale of the set-screws of the indicator-attaching ring. Fig. 146 is apl'an of the torsion end of the machine. Fig'f'147 is an `end elevation ofthe torsion-head and indicator and operating mechanism, showing a specimen in section on-the line 147, Fig. 146. Fig. 14S is an elevation oi' the stationary holder, vwith section of masonry and specimen online 148, Fig. 146. Fig. 149 is a longitudinal section, on a larger scale, of a portion of a pillarblock and main screw with buffer-springs and IOO straining-mits on line 119, Fig. 116. Fig. 150 is an elevation on a larger scale of a portion ot' the graduated indicator dial or arc. Fig. 151 is a rear view of the hydraulic holder, showinga section ot' the strainingrod. Fig. 152 is a sectional elevation of the saine on the line 152, Fig. 153. Fig. 153 is a plan ot' the same. Fig. 151 is a sectional elevation ot' the torsion holder, head, and a portion of the torsion-bar and specimen. Fig. 155 is a plan ot" the same. Fig. 156 is a front elevation otthe same, with the specimen in-section.

In Figs. 137 to 139, 1101 represents a holding-beam constructed with a bed-plate, 1102, and a cap or platen, 1103, preferably made in one piece, and strengthened b v clamp screws or bolts 1101 and nuts 1105.

1106 is a follower 'recessed underneath for the reception ot' a pair ot' hydraulic rams, 1107, which are connected by a liquid-duct, 1108, and operate to force up the follower 1106. ln the simple form here shown the hydraulic holder is adapted for grasping a tlat plate. \\"here bars or other specimens ot' round or any other shape are to be held, suitable dies to hold them are placed between the follower l 106 and platen1103. The holding-beam rests, through legs 1109, on ways 1109 on a station ary bed, and is clamped at each end between a pair ot'nuts,1110, on screws 1111, to the other end of which the straining-beam 1112 is movalrly connected by two or more nuts,1113. In the illustration given in Fig. .139 these nuts 1113 are two in number-one at each end ot' the beam 1112-and are constructed in the form of worm-wheels rotated by the worm-shafts 1111 and train of gearing 1115. The rotation of the nuts -by this means moves the beam backward or forward on the stationary screws 1111. The straining-beam 1112 contains a hydraulic piston, 1116, working in a cylinder, and connected with a rod, 1117, so as to constitute a doubleacting hydraulic press, either for purposes of applying a strain to a specimen or to gage a strain which is applied by the screwgcaring 1111 1113 1111 1115.

1113 represent pressure-pipes for conduct` ing liquid to operate the press, or for conductingit trom the press to the gages 1119, by which the strain may be measured or registered. 1f the strains are produced by liquid pressure, i the liquid to operate the 'press is conducted through a pipe at bottom. (Not here shown.) The straining-bar 1117 is constructed with a head, .1120, which is provided with a hydraulic or other suitable holding device. Itis pre terred to hold the specimens by a hydraulic holder on the straining h ead, substantially such as is` shown in detail in Figs. 151, 152, 153. The said holder is provided with a hyn draulic ram, 1121, and dies 1122, made to tit the particular specimen which is to be held, consisting in the present illustration ot' a dat plate, 1123. l

1121 is the small pipe for conducting the pressureliquid to the ram.

The holder consists of two beams, 1125 1125, secured together by bolts1126 and nuts 1126, and a beam or follower, 112T,which is operated by the ram 1121, and clamps thc specimen by means of the dies 1122. The holder is connectedto the straining-head by pins 1120 1120?, passing through it and through parts`1127 1127" of the beams 112Tand 1125.

In Figs. 110, 111, and 116 the adjusting or straining nuts 1113 of the straining-beam 1112 are shown as four in number and driven directly by a band-wheel, 1153, shaft 1153, and cog-gearing 1115 1115, without the intervention of the screws 1111. This direetgearing is used for imparting light strains or for adjusting the straining-beam where it is used in connection with a hydraulic press y for producing the strains. When the hydraulic press is used simply as a gage, the piston rod connected therewith is stayed within the straining-beam by ileXible fixing-plates, and the liquid-press ure chambers are sealed, so as to operate on separate gages 1110 without external connection.

To adapt the machine i'or use for torsional strains, thestraining-bar1117 is extended completely through the straining beam or press 1112, and is connected, as shown in Figs. 110, 111, 116, 11T, by a link or rod, 1 12S, to a chain, 1129, which passes around the crank-arm 1130. rPhe end of this arm may constitute an arc ol' any necessary length, or it may form an entire wheel when necessary. rllhc straining beam or press is in this illustration mounted on wheels 1131, running on rails or ways 1100, as the beam is moved in either direction bythe rotation ofthe nuts 1113 on the screws 1111 either for adjustment or straining. The hub of the crank arm or wheel 1130 receives concentrically within it a hollow shaft, 1131, constituting the torsion-bar, and turning within bearings in pillar-blocks 1133, which hold the hub against lateral motion. The torsion-bar 1131 is adjustable longitudinally within the crank arm or wheel 1130, and derives rotation therefrom by splines or keys 1135, which fit in grooves 1132- ofthe torsion-bar, as illustrated in Fig. 111. The adjustable hollow torsion-bar ,1131 has keyed to its extremity a head, 11314, to .which is attached by bolts 1131b a hydraulic holder adapted to hold a specimen, any necessary length of which may be passed within the hollow torsion-bar. rllhe hydraulic holder is constructed, as illustrated in Figs. 151, 155, 156, with two beams, 1136 1136, tie-rods 1110, and a follower, 1137.

1138 is the liquid-pressure pipe.

1139, Fig. 156, are three opposing dies, two of which are mounted in the iixed portion of the holder-beam 1136, while the other is carried by the follower 1137. The relative posi tion of these dies will be seen to adapt them to grasp with great force a specimen or rod of round or other form and to center it within the torsion-bar. The adjustment of the tor;- sioirbar 1131 is .eected by means of screws IIO 1141, 140,141, 146, xed to a' cross head or beam, 1142, which runs on ways 1143, and constitutes the bearing in which the torsionbar 1134 is rotated. The-screws 1141 are moved back or forth by the rotation of worm-nuts 1144, rotated by a transverseworm-shaft, 1145, which may be driven by a band-pulley, 1146. The shaft 1145 drives also a second pair of worm-nuts, 1147 ,which are threaded to fit secondary screws, 1148, clamped at their extremities to a transverse beam, 1149, which works on the ways 1143, and is employed to support and stay the torsion-bar 1134 and screws 1141 at a point between the stationary beam 1150 and the movable beam 1142. In orderto effect the proper relative motion of the beams 1149 and 1142 for this purpose, the screws 1148 are made of one-half the pitch of the screws 1141, so that asimultaneous rotation of the two pairs of nuts 1144 and 1147 will move the beam 1142 twice as far as the beam 1149. The latter is thus kept midway between thebeams1142 and 1150 in all positions ofthe moving beam 1142.

`In the present illustration the screws 1141 are shown as double-threaded and the screws 1148 as single-threaded. The beam 1112 is moved for straining purposes at. variable speeds by a variable live head, 1115. (Shown in plan in Fig. 137, in elevation in Fig. 139, and in longitudinal section in Fig. 139s.) This live head is constructed with the customaryv connected set of differential cone-pulleys, V1151, and pinion 1152, rimning loosely on the shaft 1153, to which the gear-wheel 1154 is keyed, and adapted to be rigidly connected to said wheel at will by a dog, 1155, and with an adjustable back-gear shaft, 1156, carrying the wheel 1157, and pinion 1158, keyed thereto and gearing with the cone-pulley pinion 1152 and shaftwheel 1154, respectively. Theboxes 1159 ofthe back-gear shaft 1156 are held in either position by keys 1160, to hold the back gears either in or out of mesh with those of the shaft 1153.

ln Fig. 141, 1161 represents a secondary hydraulic press connected by a rod, 1162, with the crank-arm 1130, or to a separate arm, if preferred, and employed for various purposes. lt serves as a brake to check the movement of the arm under the draft of the main strainingpress. It also serves as a backing device to restore the arm 1130 to its normal position.V

It is also used in some cases for applying strains when the power of the main press is not required.

The fixed end ofthe specimen 1163, which is to receive a torsion strain, is secured in a stationary holder, 1164, by a hydraulic press, 1165,'Fig. 148, and three dies, 1166, operating in the same way as those already described in connection with the straining-holder- 1167 represent bolts and nuts by which the two parts of the stationary holder are secured together against the strain of the press 1165.

1168 is the liquid-pressure pipe.

The stationary holder 1164 is formed with projecting arms 1164, and is supported by a to the plate or standard in any position' inr which they may be adjusted.

The stationary holder which transmits the strain to-the weighing apparatus serves also to support and fix the specimen concentrically in the axis of .the machine, and is thus clearly distinguished from an arm attached to the specimen only for the purpose of transmitting the strain of torsion. The extremities of the arms 1164a are connected by flexible trans mitting-plates 1172 with flanged plates 1173, bolted. to the caps of' hydraulic-pressure supports 1174, from which the pressure is transmitted through liquid-pressure pipes 1175 to weighing apparatus 1176, of' any suitable construction. j to a beam, 117 4,v bolted to bearingplates set in the masonry 1180. The upper supports 1174 are bolted to a beam, 1174, and braced supports 1174", the latter being bolted to the masonry 1180. The construction of 'the sup` ports and of weighing apparatus suitable for use in this machine will be found described in detail in other applications.

Lever-scales or other appliances for weigh ing or measuring the strains transmitted by the plates 1172 may be substituted for the hydraulic weighingapparatus, if preferred. The weight of the support-caps and of the attachedfplates 1173 is sustained by a framework, so as to relieve the moving parts of the support from any vertical strain.

At the upper part of the machine, in Fig.148,

the support-cap and its connections are shown resting by a flexible plate,117 3a, on a bracket formed by the rod 1179, beam 1178, and a brace or strut, 1178, made in two parts, with right and left screw-threads,on which works a double screw-nut, 117 8", for adjusting the bracerod in length. At the lower part of said figure the weight of the support-cap and its attachments is supported by a suspension-rod, 117 3", and bracket 1173 The holder-arms 1164a are adjusted laterally and fixed in position by double screw-rods 1177 a-nd double screw-nuts 117 7'-,working thereon, as shown in Figs. 140 and 146.

1179 1179d representadjustable stops to take upfthe recoil movement of the holder. The

f upper stopro d, 117 9, passes through the upper The lower supports 1174 are fixed.

IIO

holding-arm without contact, and arrests its backward movement by means of a nut,1179". rFhe rod 117 9a mis adjusted in height by the brace-.rod 117 8L and nut 117 8b, so as to adapt it to work within the aperture of thearm 1164a without friction. The rod 1179 receives the recoil of the lower arm upon its end, as shown.

The rod 1179 is set adjnstably in the masonry 1180, and the rod 117 9a is fixed in the beams 1178 and 1181. The rod 1179 and nut 1179" are set nearly in contact with the arms, so as to prevent any sensible recoil movement in tl 1e event of thepbreaking of a specimen.

The angle of torsion produced bythe strain is accurately measured by indicators 1182, applied to the specimen itself. rlhe construction and application of these indicators are illustrated in Figs. 110, 116, 117, and 118, and on a la-rgerscale in Fig. 113. Each consists of an arm or index, 1188, removably attached to a ring, 1181, which is hinged at 1185 and fastened by a screw, 1186, around the specimen. It is preferred to apply to the ring three or more equidistant radial indicator-arms, in order to correctly show the angle of torsion in the event ofthe shaft being deflected. To correctly center the indicator 011 the specimen, three or more set-screws, 1187, are employed, said screws being threaded within seats 1191, fastened by screws 1191L to the ring 1181, said seats being graduated, as represented in Fic. 111, to show the equal insertion of the screws. Figs. 111 and 115 show on a larger scale thescrew, the indicating-case thereof, and the graduated seat. The indications of the pointers are read on graduated arcs 1188, attached adjnstably to a rail,1189,by clamps 1190. of two of these indicators to the specimen at any determined dista-nce apart, as illustrated nected to the housing 1133 by clamp-screwsl in Fig.110,the precise-amount of torsion produced by a given strain is accurately shown. By observing the relative defiection of the indicators when appliedat different points on the specimen, any weak parts thereof may be discovered. A portion of one of the indicatorarcs is shown in Fig. 150. These arcs may each constitute an entire ring or any part thereof, as the capacity or purposes of the machine may render necessary.

To take up the recoil of the straining-beam and its connections in the event of the breaking'of a specimen, the device shown in Fig. 119 is employed. The screws 1111 are con- 1192, attached in the ends of the said screws 1111 and passing through boxes 1193 1191, containing annular springs 1195 1196, each consisting of a continuous ring of rubber. The boxes are held to the housings by tap-screws 1197 1198. It will now appear that in the event ofthe breaking of a specimen under a torsional strain, the screws 1111 being relieved from the compressive force of the strainingbeam, the said beam will recoil and by its inertia draw the screws 1111 away from the housings, drawing on the screw 1192, compressing the springs 1195, and drawing the ends of the screws 1111 away from the boxes 1191 for the instant. The recoil of the springs 1195 will restore the screws 1111 to contact with the boxes 1191, the springs 1196 yielding under the compression and afterward restoring the parts to their normal positions.

By the application l Vhatever novel subject-matter l have described and not claimed or attempted to claim herein I have claimed or attempted to claim in other applications or have reserved to be claimed in future original applications.

The following is here claimed as new:

1. In a testing-machine, the combination of a fixed or stationary bed or bearing, a straining-beam, and two or more connecting screws or rods, adapted and arranged to operate with a strain of either tension or compression on the screws while applying strains to the specimen.

2. A fixed beam or beams, a straining-beam, and suitable screws and connections, adapted and arranged to apply at will a strain of tension to the specimen and compression to the screws, or vice versa.

rlhe combination, with the straining-beam and fixed screws, of nutsactuated by suitable mechanism and moif'ing the beam on the screws, for applying strains of tension or compression and for setting and locking the beam in any desired position for receiving a strain applied t0 the specimen.

1. The combinat-ion, in a testing-machine, of a straining-rod, 1117, a straining-beam, 1112,` screw-gearing for .producing the strain, a piston, 1116, receiving the load-pressure, a hydraulic-pressure chamber, and a gage for measuring the pressure, substantially as set forth.

5. The combination, in a testing-machine, of a straining-beam, screw-nuts and gearing for producing a strain of tension or compression at will, a straining-rod, a piston, two hydraulicpressure chambers, and one or more gages for measuring the pressure, substantially as set forth.

6. The construction and combination ofthe holding-beam 1101 and its contained holding press or presses 1107, substantially as set forth.

7. In a testing-machine, the combinationof a stationary bed or bearing, a straining-beam, two or more connecting-screws adapted to operate with a strain of either tension or. compression on the said screws while applying strains to the specimen, a shaft and gearing for moving the straining-beam, and mechanism for driving the shaft and gearing at variable speeds, substantially as set forth.

8. A torsional straining-bar adjustable longitudinally to snit different lengths of specimens. v v

9. The combination, with the straining-bar, of one or more pillar-blocks and a straining arm or wheel adapted to permit the sliding of the bar within it for longitudinal adjustment, substantially as set forth.

10. The combination, with a torsion-bar, of a crank arm or wheel and one or more hydraulic presses, as and for the purposes set forth.

11. The combination of a straining beam or press, a longitudinally-adjustable torsion-bar, a crank arm or wheel, and suitable connections, substantially as set forth. Y

12. The combination, with a torsion-bar and straining arm or wheel, of a` straining beam` IOO IIO

or press suitably connected to said arm or wheel, and screws for moving the said beam or press to rotate said torsion-bar.

13.Y The combination, with a straining beam or press, one or more straining arms or wheels, a torsion-bar, and suitable connections, of a secondary press arranged for. optional use eit-her in conjunction with the main bea-m or press or separately.

14. The combination, lwith a torsion-bar and a straining arm or wheel, of a hydraulic press suitably connected to said arm or wheel for applying heavy strains, and movable by. screws and nuts to apply strains requiring less power or greater angular motion.

1 5. The combination, with the torsion-bar, of a iianged head adapted for the attachment of a suit-able holder, as set f'orth.

16. The combination, with the torsion-bar 1134, ofthe movable beam 1142, employed to support the forward end of the bar and move the same as required for longitudinal adjustment.

17. The combination, with the torsion-bar 1134 and supporting and adjusting beam 1142, of the screws and nuts for moving the said beam. v

1S. The intermediate supporting-beam,1149,

' and screws 1148 for adjusting the same, in

combination with the adjustable torsion-bar 1134, for the purposes set forth.

19. The combination of the hydraulic holder with the torsion-bar 1134 and head 1134, substantially as set forth.

20. The combination, with the holder-beams 1136 1136 and follower 1137, of the three dies 1139 1139 1139, arranged as shown, for holding the specimen.

21. A supporting-holder, stationary or nearly so, deriving torsional strains from the specimen under test, and transmitting said strains through an arm or arms to a suitable indicating apparatus to show the torsional strain.

22. A stationary holder deriving torsional strains from the specimen under test, substantially as described, and transmitting said strains to an indicator through the medium of two or more arms projecting 'from different sides of the holder.

23. The iiexible supportingplate 1170, in combination with the holder 1164, substantially as and for the purposes set forth.

24. In combination with the arm or arms of the holder and a suitable indicating device,

one or more flexible plates, 1172, for transmitting the strain from the arm or arms tothe in- -dicatingdevice, substantially as set forth.

25. The combination of the holder 1164, arm or arms 1164, transmitting-plates 1172, and suitable connections with weighing or measuring apparatus for indicating the strain transmitted through said holder.

26. The combination, with the holder, of the check-pieces 1179 1179a for arresting any recoil movement of said holder.

27. One or more indicators applied to the specimen under test, between the holders, to measure the angle of torsion.

2S. The method of determining the torsion of any portion or poi-tions of a specimen by applying two or more indicators to the specimen atdifferent points between the holders, substantially as set forth.' y

29. In a machine for testing torsional strains, the indicator, constructed, as herein set forth, with a ring and three or more radial set-screws for centering the indicator on the specimen.

30. In combination with the ring 1184 and. arm or arms applied thereto, three or more graduated set-screwsfor adjusting the indicator or indicators concentrically with the speci- I,

men, substantially as set forth.

31. The combination of theremovable arm or index 1183 with the ring 1184 and setscrews, operating substantially as set forth.

32. ln a torsion-testing apparatus operating substantially as set forth, the graduated arc 1188, secured adjustably by a clamp or clamps to a support-ing rail or rails, as explained.

33. The combination of two graduated arcs with indicators adapted for direct application to a specimen at points between the holders, to indicate the relative torsion of different parts thereof. f

f 34. The combination, in a testing-machine, of'a xed beam or beams and a double-acting hydraulic press adj ustably connected thereto, for producing strains of eithertorsion or' compression, as set forth.

35. The combination, with the fixed beam or beams, the straining beam or press, and the connecting-screws, of nuts operating against the straining beam or press in either direction, for straining or for adjustment.

ALBERT H. EMERY.

Vitnesses:

Oc'rAviUs ILYIGHT, ALTER ALLEN. 

